Conservation/Entropy Domains of Free and Bound Energy
Revised June 2005
John A. Gowan
http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/jag8/index.html

The Dimensions

The dimensions of spacetime are conservation/entropy domains, created by the entropic, "intrinsic" motions of free and bound electromagnetic energy: light ("velocity c"), matter (the intrinsic motion of time), and gravitation ("intrinsic motion G"). Gravity is the conversion force between spatial and temporal entropy. These domains function as arenas of action, where energy in all its forms can be simultaneously used, transformed, and conserved. This is the major connection between the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics.
See: "A Description of Gravitation".

The Entropy Drives of Light, Time, and Gravity

1) The intrinsic motion of light is the positive spatial entropy drive of free energy, gauged by velocity c, the electromagnetic constant; the intrinsic motion of light creates, expands, and cools space, the conservation domain of light. c is the gauge of metric symmetry and the non-local symmetric energy state of light, as well as the entropy drive of free energy - a double role which is reflected in the double conservation role of gravitation. (See: "The Double Conservation Role of Gravitation".)

2) G (the universal gravitational constant) is the entropy conversion gauge; gravity converts space and spatial entropy into time and temporal entropy, creating spacetime, the joint dimensional conservation domain of free and bound energy. As c is the gauge of the metric equivalency between space and time, so G is the gauge of the entropic equivalency between space and time.
In its entropy conservation role, gravity converts space to time, creating an entropically equilibrated spacetime; in its symmetry conservation role, gravity reverses the reaction, converting mass to free energy (as in our Sun and Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes).

3) The intrinsic motion of time is the positive temporal entropy drive of matter and information. Time is also gauged by c as the duration interval required by light to travel a given distance. The intrinsic motion of time ages matter and creates, expands, and decays history, the conservation domain of information, matter's causal matrix. History is the temporal analog of space.

4) The intrinsic motions of light and time are metrically equivalent. One second of time is metrically equivalent to 300,000 kilometers of space - as gauged by c.

5) Gravity is the spatial consequence of, and evidence for, the intrinsic motion of time; gravity and time induce each other in an endless cycle.

6) Gravity conserves entropy; for example, in the cosmic gravitational collapse of the "Big Crunch", the cooling and expansion of the Universe is reversed; in such a case, the total entropy of the Universe sums to zero. Gravity replaces spatial entropy with a metrically equivalent temporal entropy; spatial expansion is decelerated because it funds the temporal component of the total entropy equation. In the "Big Crunch", the temporal entropy ends as the surface area of a cosmic-mass black hole; but this explodes in a new "Big Bang" when there is no more space to sustain its gravitational field. (See "Appendix": "Parameters of Entropy and Gravity".) The gravitational conversion of spatial (S) to temporal (T) entropy can be represented as:

-Gm(S) = T
-Gm(S) - T = 0

7) When gravity annihilates space, a metrically equivalent temporal residue (time) remains, whose intrinsic motion perpetuates the gravitational field.

8) Light or free energy is a highly entropic form of energy, whereas atomic matter is not (which is a major "rationale" for the conversion of free to bound energy). The temporal entropy component of bound energy is tiny - as measured by Gm. In the absence of antimatter and significant gravitational fields, an atom's only entropy attrition is radioactive and proton decay.

Matter is a secondary, asymmetric form of energy, created from light (by an asymmetry inherent in the weak force) during the initial moments of the "Big Bang". (Matter is exactly 1/2 of light's particle-antiparticle form; similarly, time is 1/2 of a spatial dimension. Matter and time are asymmetric forms of light and space.) Spacetime is the joint conservation/entropy domain of free and bound energy, created by gravity and the intrinsic motion of time - time and gravity induce each other. When light is converted to matter, not only must light's raw energy be conserved as matter's mass and momentum, but light's symmetry and entropy must also be conserved - symmetry via charge conservation and inertial forces, entropy via gravitation. Hawking's gravitationally driven "quantum radiance" of black holes completely converts bound to free energy, and simultaneously demonstrates that even the symmetry of entropy is conserved - the ultimate expression of "Noether's Theorem". See: "Entropy, Thermodynamics, and Gravitation".

The role of entropy, in both its spatial and temporal form, is to protect energy conservation so that energy may be used even as it is being conserved. Without entropy (the 2nd law of thermodynamics), the conservation of energy (the 1st law of thermodynamics), would not allow any use/transformation of energy at all. Common, mixed, or "spatio-temporal" entropy prevents us from abusing energy by forbidding the use of the same energy twice to produce the same net work.

The effectively "Infinite" velocities of light and its metric equivalent, time, which cause the irretrievable escape of radiant heat and opportunity, are necessary to guarantee the absolute efficacy of the entropy gauges c and T. These "infinite" velocities seal the borders of their respective dimensional domains against violations of causality or energy conservation by fast "space ship" or "time machine". Similarly, spacetime domain violations via gravitational or inertial effects ("wormholes" to the past, etc.) are prevented by the "event horizons" and "central singularities" of black holes. Hence the dimensional conservation domains of spacetime are both created and protected by their respective entropy drives (the intrinsic dimensional motions c, T, G). (See: "A Spacetime Map of the Universe").

Unlike light, matter cannot create its own conservation domain from nothing, because its entropy drive, time, is also secondary and asymmetric, and must be derived from space. Hence matter cannot exist without space because gravity would have nothing from which to produce its historic conservation domain. (Consequently, in the case of a cosmic "Big Crunch", when gravity has consumed all of space, we can predict that matter would instantly "flash over" to light in order to reestablish a conservation domain for energy, recycling the Universe in a new "Big Bang".) See: "Proton Decay and the Heat Death of the Universe".

9) As magnetism is the invisible, "intrinsic", projective electrical force ("electro-motive" force) of the loadstone, so gravity is the invisible, "intrinsic", projective dimensional force ("inertio-motive" force) of the ordinary rock. In the case of magnetism, we trace the force back to the moving electric charges of the atoms in the loadstone; in the case of gravity, we trace the force back to the moving temporal charges of the bound energy in the rock. A moving electric charge creates a magnetic field; a moving temporal charge creates a gravitational field. In both cases the field is produced at right angles to the current. Both relations are reciprocal: moving magnetic or spatial fields create electric or temporal currents. This is the analogy between electromagnetism and gravitation which so intrigued Einstein.

10) Time is the active, entropic principle of gravity's "location" charge. Bound energy is energy whose "Interval" is greater than zero - "local" massive energy whose spacetime position can be specified. Light is "non-local" massless energy which has no time dimension and therefore cannot produce a gravitational field in free flight. Bound energy is local, temporal, causal; free energy is non-local, atemporal, and acausal.

Because time and gravity induce each other, light's lack of a time dimension is a major symmetry consequence of velocity c, resulting in both light's hallmark "non-locality", and in light's lack of a gravitational field. Because light is non-local and atemporal, light is also acausal. It is the "local" state of matter which requires a temporal, causal matrix and the gravitational field to produce it. See: "Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory".

11) The Charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light ("Noether's Theorem"). Noether's Theorem states that in a multicomponent field, such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. Gravity is unusual in that it is both a symmetry and an entropy debt of light (see: "The Double Conservation Role of Gravitation"). Gravity arises as the symmetry debt of light's lost "non-local" character. But since velocity c is both the symmetry and the entropy gauge of free energy, gravity cannot conserve one without conserving the other. This dual role is also seen in the gravitational "location" charge, of which time is the active principle. Time is an entropic charge, a charge with intrinsic dimensional motion, which also "locates" or specifies the 4-dimensional position of bound energy, the broken symmetry of light's "non-locality" (which results in the symmetric distribution of light's energy throughout spacetime, everywhere, simultaneously - in light's own reference frame).

12) The entropic time charge can do nothing except replace itself with a metrically equivalent amount of space - which upon gravitational annihilation yields the exact same time charge again, which moves on to continue the cycle. Hence the original quantity of time charge propagates itself forever. The magnitude of the initial time charge is therefore crucial as it determines the magnitude of G, and this charge must be an attribute of the electromagnetic wave itself - "frequency" - or an analogous temporal entropy component - which becomes explicit when the wave collapses to form bound energy (mass or momentum). (See: "The Conversion of Space to Time.) This temporal charge then becomes a permanent characteristic of bound energy (like any other form of charge), producing an entropic, intrinsic motion whose peculiar characteristic is that it continuously renews itself through the annihilation of a metrically equivalent space (the induced gravitational field). See: "Gravity, Entropy, and Thermodynamics" and "The Gravity No. 2 Diagram").

Electromagnetic energy must be capable of producing both forms of entropy (spatial and temporal - intrinsic motions c and T) just as it is capable of creating both forms of energy, free and bound. The ingredients for both entropies are found in the elemental composition and intrinsic motion of the electromagnetic wave itself, frequency (time) and wavelength (space) (frequency multiplied by wavelength = c). Gravity is the conversion/conservation force between spatial and temporal entropy; the magnitude of G reflects the small energy difference between the symmetric spatial entropy drive (S) of light and the asymmetric temporal entropy drive (T) of matter: S - T = -G. Gm is the temporal entropy-energy of m, energy which must be borrowed from the spatial entropy of free energy (the intrinsic motion of light) via the gravitational annihilation of space and the consequent deceleration of cosmic expansion. (See: "A Tetrahedral Model of the Unified Field Theory").

Summary

In the currency of gravitation, in terms of gravitational energy and action, metric time and space are equivalent to temporal and spatial entropy. (The intrinsic motion or entropic expansion of space is experienced locally only as the falling temperature of the "cosmological background radiation" - currently 2.7K.) The reversal of the expansion and cooling of spacetime via the gravitational deceleration of the Cosmos (as in the "Big Crunch") demonstrates this point. Likewise, the phenomena of black holes demonstrate the gravitational conversion of space and spatial entropy to time and temporal entropy, including the arrest and embodiment of time and temporal entropy in the surface area of the "event horizon" (the Bekenstein-Hawking theorem). Time and its intrinsic motion are perfectly real phenomena - they are not just abstract constructs of our physical theories. (See: "The Time Train".)

c determines the metric equivalency between space and time, G determines the entropic equivalency between space and time. Gravity is weak because a little space or spatial entropy is metrically/energetically equivalent to a huge amount of temporal entropy; that is, the requisite temporal entropy or time dimension of a large mass is provided by the gravitational conversion of a very small amount of space. This is quite understandable if we think of the comparison of the entropy of light vs rocks: light expands and cools at velocity c - rocks just subsist, quietly aging through the intrinsic motion of time. Dimensionally, the difference arises because free energy completely occupies the expanding space which light's intrinsic motion or entropy drive creates, whereas bound energy does not similarly occupy the historic domain which temporal entropy creates; hence matter's energy is not vitiated by history's expansion. Only information can become one-dimensional and survive the trip down the linear time line into the historic domain; bound energy (matter) hovers always in a tangential position on the edge of the receding time line. We live not in the historic past, but in the "universal present", at the intersection of time, space, and light. See: "A Spacetime Map of the Universe".

While light loses all of its energy potential for work "in a flash", rocks retain all of their energy potential (E = mcc) through eons of time. The difference in entropic efficacy, destructive effect, or the rate of attrition of a system's capacity for work between the spatial entropy of light and the temporal entropy of matter is equivalent to the astronomical ratio between the strengths of the electromagnetic vs gravitational forces - 2.5 x 10(41) (41 powers of ten) (Feynman's estimate). This is why gravity is so weak - gravitational energy is temporal entropy-energy, transformed from the intrinsic motion of light. A "graviton" is a quantum unit of negative spatial entropy, energetically equivalent to a quantum unit of time. It takes very little energy to create matter's time dimension, equivalent to the small energy difference between the symmetric spatial (S) entropy drive of light and the asymmetric temporal (T) entropy drive of matter: S - T = -G.

The huge difference in entropic efficacy between spatial and temporal entropy is a major "rationale" for the conversion of free energy to bound energy in the "Big Bang". This conversion rescues at least some of the Universe's energy from the vitiating effects of the entropy drive c, storing it as mass under the alternative and quiescent entropy drive T - extending the "useful working life" of energy and the Universe to evolutionarily significant time scales. (See: "Proton Decay and the 'Heat Death' of the Universe".)

Parameters of Entropy and Gravity

The magnitude of G is determined by the small energy difference between the symmetric spatial entropy drive (S) of light (the intrinsic motion of light, as gauged by "velocity c"), and the asymmetric temporal entropy drive (T) of matter (the intrinsic motion of matter's time dimension, as gauged by "velocity T"): S - T = -G. This is equivalent to the small energy difference between implicit (S) and explicit (T) time.

The gravitational conversion of space and spatial entropy (S) to time and temporal entropy (T), can be represented as:

-Gm(S) = T
-Gm(S) - T = 0

The Cosmic entropy balance can be represented as:

1) In an expanding Universe, but with matter present:
S increases indefinitely;
T increases indefinitely;
in this case S is greater than T.

2) In a collapsing Universe, with excess matter:
S falls to zero;
T increases until the final collapse of the Universe;
in this case S is smaller than T.

3) In a critical mass Universe, which almost but never quite stops expanding:
S increases indefinitely;
T increases indefinitely;
in this case S is equal to T.

4) The total negative gravitational energy of matter is equal to its positive rest mass energy - as demonstrated by black hole theory. This concept helps us understand the creation of matter (or bound energy generally) as a zero-sum enterprise requiring no net energy. Only symmetry conservation suppresses the local manifestation of vacuum particle-antiparticle pairs (via continuous electromagnetic annihilations). The weak force IVBs form a symmetry-breaking bridge between the currently asymmetric "real time" world of particles and the primordial symmetric "virtual" world of particle-antiparticle pairs; hence their great mass and exotic character. (See: "The Weak Force Identity Charge".)

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