According to a theorem by Hawking and Bekenstein, the surface area of a black hole is proportional to its entropy [5], [8]. The surface of a black hole is its "event horizon", the location at which space finally is moving fast enough - velocity c - to "catch" and "neutralize" time, causing time to "stand still" because it is being replaced as fast as it moves away. Under these special conditions time becomes "visible", takes a "form", and displaces space. The surface expanse of the black hole demonstrates that time is a dimensional reality (we don't just "make it up"), and constitutes the physical demonstration and proof that gravity converts space and spatial entropy into time and temporal entropy.
As the mass of an object increases, its increasing temporal entropy requirement is supplied by a greater spatial flow - either a stronger or larger (or both) gravitational field. But in the limiting case of the black hole, a stronger field is not possible in terms of greater acceleration, because space is already moving at its maximum (velocity c), so a larger field, expressed in terms of a larger surface area, is the only accommodation available for the additional entropy needs of any new mass inputs. The situation is analogous to the flow of water through a pipe: if the water flow is at a maximum velocity and pressure, the only way to increase the flow is to increase the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
Usually we think of gravitation as converging to a central dimensionless point - the center of mass, the point-beginning of the time line, at which the in-flowing dimensions symmetrically annihilate each other, leaving the time-charge residue. The black hole surface is the expansion of this dimensionless central point to accommodate a greater gravitational flow. The surface is still dimensionless in that there is no spatial volume present - only a "black hole" of time which displaces ordinary space much as a ship displaces water. Furthermore, every "point" on the surface of the event horizon is equivalent to the spatial center of a spherical volume.
Since time is matter's entropy drive, the surface area of the black hole also represents the absolute "size" of the time dimension associated with the mass of the black hole. Hence if the mass of a black hole doubles, its surface area (not its volume) must also double. Just as we can think of the event horizon of a black hole as matter's time dimension or temporal entropy content brought to rest and made "visible", so we can also think of matter itself as light's energy or intrinsic motion brought to rest and made visible (E = mcc). The surface area or event horizon of a black hole is a "rock" formed of entropy rather than energy.
The "black hole" condition is just that in which spatial and temporal entropy are not only metrically equivalent, they are fully physically equivalent in strength. At the "event horizon" of a black hole, g = c and time "stands still", because the gravitational flow of space is replacing time as fast as time moves away. If the mass of the Earth were compressed to the condition of g = c or a "black hole", the Earth's event horizon would be about the size of a ping-pong ball! The surface area of this ball = the absolute size of the time dimension or temporal entropy of the Earth's entire "rest mass", as translated into metrically equivalent spatial entropy terms. This illustrates dramatically just how small the temporal entropy component of bound energy really is - and how relatively little spatial entropy is required to create it - which is why gravity is so weak. The gravity we feel on Earth's surface is the spatial pull caused by the intrinsic motion of that same time dimension, in effect, the tiny "black hole" at the gravitational center of the Earth, but the surface area of that ping-pong ball, and its gravitational influence, is diluted over the surface area of the entire Earth. For a further discussion of the weakness of gravity, see: "Proton Decay and the 'Heat Death' of the Universe".
It is very likely that proton decay is commonplace in black holes; indeed, this may be one of the "reasons" why gravity is so keen to produce them - proton decay is one way to fulfill the mandate of Noether's Theorem to return bound to free energy. If so, then a black hole may be nothing less than a gravitationally bound state of light, light "transformed to rest", a "light crystal". This would solve the problem of the infinite compressibility of matter at the central singularity, since there is no limit to the quantum mechanical superposition of photons. For an explanation of gravitationally induced proton decay, see: "Symmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory".
We might note here that if a black hole should ever exhaust its external supply of space, it would have no way of gravitationally creating a time dimension for the matter it contained. Since energy cannot exist without a conservation domain, the entire contents of the hole would immediately "flash over" to light, since light can and does produce its own energy conservation domain, space, from nothing other than its own nature (intrinsic motion c). In such a scenario, we see the primacy of light and symmetry and the secondary and dependent character of matter, time, gravitation, and negative entropy. Such an event would explain the recycling of bound energy back to light in the final phase of a Cosmic "Big Crunch", and the reason why any Universe must begin with light rather than matter. It also suggests some connections with the "inflationary" model of the Big Bang (see: "The Analogy Between Inflation and the "Big Crunch").
Cosmic "Acceleration"
Because light does not produce a gravitational field, the conversion of mass to light by stars, Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes, and the radioactive decay of heavy particles to lighter ones, including proton decay, will slowly reduce the total mass of the Cosmos and its associated gravitational field. Since no new matter is created to counteract this effect, the universal expansion rate will appear to slowly increase over time. Assuming that some similar conservation-driven processes act upon the "dark matter" content of the Cosmos, converting bound "dark matter" to free energy, we can account for the observed "acceleration" of the expansion of the Universe within the normal parameters of energy, symmetry, and entropy conservation and conversion. The "acceleration" of the Cosmos is the observational evidence that light produces no gravitational field, contrary to the supposition of the physics "establishment", but exactly as Noether's Theorem of symmetry conservation predicts. (See: "Does Light Produce a Gravitational Field?")
The phenomena of black holes and the "acceleration" of the cosmic expansion constitute observational and theoretical evidence for the gravitational theory presented on this website.
Information and Entropy
The connection between Information and Entropy is time and temporal causality. The time component is necessary to link each piece of information (each bit) into the causal matrix of matter. Time is the entropy drive of matter and information, and creates the causal linkage of matter's information matrix or historic causal domain. Each quantum bit of information is associated with a quantum bit or link of time (like a chain link), which integrates the information bit into the general causal matrix or information field of matter. Entropy is always associated with energy, in this case bound energy, so a quantum unit of time or temporal entropy can be associated with a quantum unit of energy as well as of information. The gravitational conversion of space and spatial entropy into time and temporal entropy reaches a natural limit in the "event horizon" of a black hole where g = c. The surface area of a black hole's event horizon is proportional to its entropy, in terms of time or information.
A famous connection between Entropy and Information is between Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamic entropy and Shannon's information entropy. The two are computed by the same mathematical formula and when calculated for the same degrees of freedom (the same variables) are equal. The connection between elemental time and information in our tetrahedron model applies equally to both types of entropy, satisfying the condition that Shannon (or Boltzmann) entropy is not associated with meaning or significance, which is context dependent. The meaning or significance of information, with which we are of course very much concerned, is a characteristic of higher levels of the natural hierarchy, including information in the sense of complex organizational states, such as the functioning human body or society. See: Scientific American Aug. 2003 p. 58-65 "Information in the Holographic Universe" by Jacob D. Bekenstein.
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