The Connection Between Gravitation, Time, Entropy, and Symmetry
(revised April, 2006)
John A. Gowan
http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/jag8/index.html
This paper is part of a set of four, listed below, examining various relationships between the four conservation principles of the Tetrahedron Model of Natural Law (these short papers are not intended to stand alone):
Entropy and Gravity
When light (free energy) is converted to matter (bound energy), light's spatial entropy drive (the intrinsic motion of light as gauged by "velocity c") is converted to matter's temporal entropy drive (the intrinsic motion of time as gauged by "velocity T"). The conversion is accomplished either gravitationally or quantum mechanically. In either case, the magnitude of G is determined by the small energy difference between the drive of symmetric spatial entropy (S) and the drive of asymmetric temporal entropy (T): S - T = -G. Equivalently, -G measures the difference between implicit (S) and explicit (T) time. Entropy is conserved (in metrically equivalent terms) in the transformation of free to bound energy; gravity accomplishes this conservation by converting space into time, which produces a compensating deceleration in the spatial expansion of the Universe. After the gravitational conversion, the intrinsic motion of the time dimension carries the entropy drive (the intrinsic motion) of the light that was converted to matter. Gravity is a "middleman", converting the drive and domain of spatial entropy to the drive and domain of temporal entropy, and vice versa (the latter in the gravitational conversion of mass to free energy in stars). In the process, gravity creates a metrically and entropically equilibrated spacetime, the joint dimensional conservation domain of light and matter. (See also: "The Conversion of Space to Time" and the "Gravity Diagram No. 2" for a discussion and illustration of the quantum mechanical conversion of the primordial form of spatial entropy to the primordial form of temporal entropy - the conversion of the intrinsic motion of light to the intrinsic motion of time (alternatively, the conversion of the expansion of space to the expansion of history.))
The "work done" at the beginning of the Universe is the creation of matter - work indeed, since this involves the creation of an asymmetric energy state, matter, from a symmetric one, light. Subsequently, the separation of the particles against their mutual gravitational attraction conforms to the more usual definition of "work" in thermodynamic terms.
The creation of matter requires an exceedingly hot and energy-dense environment, which is reason enough to believe that the Universe began in a state of extreme energy density and temperature. The Universe has expanded and cooled ever since the initial explosion, and because the galaxies continue to separate due to the entropic expansion of space, the Universe will never again be hot enough to create matter (unless it collapses gravitationally in a "Big Crunch").
This expansion and cooling is the primordial spatial entropy of the Universe, driven by the intrinsic motion of light. "Velocity c" is therefore the entropy drive/gauge of free electromagnetic energy, and this is the same gauge which regulates the creation of the spatial conservation domain of light. Therefore we say that the function of entropy is evidently to provide a dimensional conservation domain for its energy type, in which energy can be simultaneously used and conserved.
In the case of matter, or bound energy, the entropy drive is "velocity T", the intrinsic motion of matter's time dimension, regulating the creation of the historic conservation domain of information and matter's "causal matrix", the temporal analog of space. The historic domain gets older and its information is diluted and decays, space gets larger and colder and its capacity for work declines. Both intrinsic motion c and T are effectively "infinite" velocities; "infinite" velocities are necessary to seal the borders of their dimensional conservation domains, preventing any violations of causality or energy conservation via fast "space ship" or "time machine". The "infinite" velocity is the entropy gauge, guaranteeing the irretrievable loss of entropy-energy in space (radiant heat) and/or time (opportunity). Only an "infinite" velocity could make such an absolute guarantee, and only an absolute guarantee will satisfy the 1st law of thermodynamics. In its turn, gravity, which we may consider to be the entropy conversion gauge ("intrinsic motion G"), seals the borders of its spacetime domain (against "wormholes") through the "event horizon" (where g = c) and the "central singularity" of black holes.
There are several ways to view the role of gravity in this mix, which also presents itself as a dimensional force with intrinsic motion "G", creating spacetime:
1) Gravity is a conservation force converting either form of entropy drive and domain into the other (converting space to time and matter to light) in a "middleman" role, creating spacetime, the joint dimensional conservation domain of free and bound energy. The entropy gauges/drives of light and matter (c and T) must be metric equivalents, an equilibration accomplished through the gravitational conversion of space to time;
2) Gravity is the passive consequence of the intrinsic motion of time, a "secondary" force - therefore, the conservation role of gravity is actually attributable to time, especially as regards the creation of matter's temporal/causal inertial status and historic spacetime, the latter functioning as the conservation domain of matter's "causal matrix";
3) Gravity is an active "primary" force pursuing a symmetry debt (the loss of the "non-local" distributional symmetry of light's energy throughout space), which gravity "intends" to repay by converting bound energy to free energy in quasars, in the nucleosynthetic pathway of stars, and in Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes;
4) Due to the Grand Economy of Natural Law, all of the above. (See: "The Double Conservation Role of Gravitation".)
It is significant to note that in the absence of matter, a Universe composed only of light would very quickly become cold, dark, and boring, so swift is the intrinsic motion of light, and consequently so efficient is its entropic vitiation of free energy's potential for work. Storing the energy of light in matter allows the Universe to "live" (literally, as we have discovered) for a very much longer time and to become quite an interesting place. The free energy stored in atoms is immense, as Einstein famously realized - E = mcc, and can be slowly released in stars which, if similar to our Sun, can burn quietly for many billion years (about 10). This stellar activity is all due to the negative entropy of gravity, entropy-energy obtained from the expansion of space, which decelerates accordingly. In the Sun, gravity converts space to time, conserving/transforming light's entropy drive and domain, and simultaneously converts mass to light, conserving/restoring light's "non-local" symmetric energy state. The gravitational restoration of light's symmetric energy state goes to completion in Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes.
The intrinsic motion of matter's time dimension does not destroy the capacity of matter's energy content to do work, since unlike light, matter does not participate in the entropic expansion of its own conservation domain, historic spacetime. Matter remains stationary in the "Eternal Now". It is matter's time dimension which moves and expands into historic spacetime, carrying with it matter's information content and "causal matrix", but leaving behind matter itself in the " Universal Present Moment" (see: "The Time Train"). The function of historic spacetime is to conserve matter's causal matrix, maintaining the temporal connectivity between past and present, and thus the reality of both. See: "A Spacetime Map of the Universe". The energy content of atoms is not degraded by the expansion of history because atoms do not participate in the expansion; only fission, fusion, particle and proton decay, strong gravitational fields, and the "quantum radiance" of black holes have any significant effect upon the rest-mass energy of matter. See: "Proton Decay and the 'Heat Death' of the Cosmos".
Thus proximally, the positive entropy of expanding space is providing the energy for gravity's negative entropy drive - but what gravity is really doing is using that energy to produce matter's time dimension via the annihilation of space. Time, in turn, produces a dimension of positive entropy (history), so ultimately, gravity takes one form of positive entropy (the intrinsic motion of light and space), and converts it to an alternative form of positive entropy (the intrinsic motion of matter's time dimension and history). Gravity is just the "middleman" brokering the exchange from space's entropy account to history's entropy account, producing a metrically and entropically equilibrated spacetime into the bargain. Entropy is therefore conserved (in metrically equivalent terms) in transformations of free to bound energy, and vice versa. Having lost some of its entropy-energy to time and history, the spatial expansion of the Cosmos must decelerate. The mechanism is driven by the intrinsic motion of time, which acts as the active, entropic principle of gravity's "location" charge. Gravity is the spatial consequence of time's intrinsic motion. The gravitational conversion of space and its spatial entropy drive (S) (the intrinsic motion of light as gauged by "velocity c"), to time and matter's temporal entropy drive (T) (the intrinsic motion of time as gauged by "velocity T"), can be symbolically represented in a "concept equation" as:
-Gm(S) = (T)m
-Gm(S) - (T)m = 0
(For more on this topic, see: "Entropy, Gravitation, and Thermodynamics" and "A Description of Gravitation".)
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